% This file contains a brief summary of the changes in Earth's global average % surface temperature estimated by combining the Berkeley Earth land-surface % temperature field with a reinterpolated version of the HadSST4 ocean temperature % field. % % The current citation for this dataset is: % % Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature % Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469�3479, % https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020. % % The dataset differs slightly from the dataset as described in the citation as % HadSST3 has been replaced with the newer HadSST4, and associated interpolation % parameters have been refit accordingly. No other changes in methods were needed % when moving to the new version of HadSST. % % Two versions of this average are reported. These differ in how they treat % locations with sea ice. In the first version, temperature anomalies in the % presence of sea ice are extrapolated from land-surface air temperature anomalies. % In the second version, temperature anomalies in the presence of sea ice are % extrapolated from sea-surface water temperature anomalies (usually collected % from open water areas on the periphery of the sea ice). For most of the % ocean, sea-surface temperatures are similar to near-surface air temperatures; % however, air temperatures above sea ice can differ substantially from the water % below the sea ice. The air temperature version of this average shows larger % changes in the recent period, in part this is because water temperature changes % are limited by the freezing point of ocean water. We believe that the use of air % temperatures above sea ice provides a more natural means of describing changes in % Earth's surface temperature. % % The percent coverage of sea ice was taken from the HadISST v2 dataset and varies % by month and location. In the typical month, between 3.5% and 5.5% of the % Earth's surface is covered with sea ice. For more information on the processing % and use of HadISST and HadSST refer to the description file for the combined % gridded data product. % % Temperatures are in Celsius and reported as anomalies % relative to the Jan 1951-Dec 1980 average. Uncertainties represent the 95% confidence % interval for statistical and spatial undersampling effects as well as ocean biases. % % % The land analysis was run on 07-Feb-2024 05:19:02 % The ocean analysis was published on 20-Feb-2024 08:20:00 % % The land component is based on 50709 time series % with 21378860 monthly data points % % The ocean component is based on 469866882 instantaneous % water temperature observations % % Estimated Jan 1951-Dec 1980 global mean temperature (C) % Using air temperature above sea ice: 14.104 +/- 0.022 % Using water temperature below sea ice: 14.699 +/- 0.022 % % % Land + Ocean anomaly using air temperature above sea ice Land + Ocean using water temperature below sea ice % Year, Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc., Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc. 1850 -0.450 0.158 NaN NaN -0.430 0.145 NaN NaN 1851 -0.335 0.193 NaN NaN -0.331 0.170 NaN NaN 1852 -0.308 0.192 -0.343 0.132 -0.293 0.171 -0.330 0.119 1853 -0.314 0.146 -0.313 0.122 -0.300 0.129 -0.301 0.111 1854 -0.305 0.134 -0.329 0.103 -0.297 0.123 -0.316 0.095 1855 -0.302 0.134 -0.378 0.087 -0.283 0.122 -0.361 0.082 1856 -0.415 0.121 -0.386 0.090 -0.404 0.113 -0.369 0.084 1857 -0.552 0.120 -0.372 0.092 -0.523 0.109 -0.356 0.086 1858 -0.354 0.125 -0.390 0.088 -0.340 0.113 -0.375 0.083 1859 -0.237 0.125 -0.403 0.089 -0.230 0.113 -0.385 0.084 1860 -0.391 0.145 -0.410 0.096 -0.378 0.127 -0.388 0.091 1861 -0.478 0.143 -0.409 0.104 -0.452 0.136 -0.385 0.101 1862 -0.591 0.144 -0.436 0.113 -0.541 0.133 -0.410 0.109 1863 -0.346 0.156 -0.412 0.118 -0.324 0.150 -0.387 0.118 1864 -0.374 0.141 -0.362 0.121 -0.355 0.133 -0.338 0.122 1865 -0.272 0.163 -0.280 0.127 -0.260 0.160 -0.266 0.129 1866 -0.226 0.176 -0.256 0.128 -0.209 0.170 -0.242 0.127 1867 -0.182 0.153 -0.228 0.125 -0.179 0.150 -0.217 0.123 1868 -0.226 0.141 -0.233 0.112 -0.204 0.131 -0.223 0.107 1869 -0.233 0.118 -0.254 0.098 -0.232 0.110 -0.243 0.095 1870 -0.300 0.110 -0.278 0.091 -0.288 0.100 -0.265 0.090 1871 -0.332 0.127 -0.286 0.095 -0.313 0.116 -0.274 0.088 1872 -0.299 0.145 -0.302 0.097 -0.287 0.137 -0.292 0.090 1873 -0.265 0.115 -0.311 0.093 -0.250 0.105 -0.300 0.087 1874 -0.313 0.106 -0.316 0.084 -0.324 0.098 -0.304 0.079 1875 -0.348 0.090 -0.251 0.076 -0.324 0.084 -0.242 0.073 1876 -0.354 0.092 -0.176 0.076 -0.337 0.087 -0.176 0.073 1877 0.024 0.097 -0.160 0.075 0.023 0.091 -0.155 0.072 1878 0.113 0.105 -0.150 0.076 0.084 0.098 -0.147 0.073 1879 -0.234 0.095 -0.116 0.077 -0.223 0.087 -0.117 0.073 1880 -0.301 0.104 -0.170 0.074 -0.285 0.094 -0.167 0.071 1881 -0.183 0.091 -0.253 0.069 -0.183 0.085 -0.243 0.066 1882 -0.247 0.081 -0.300 0.067 -0.227 0.077 -0.285 0.065 1883 -0.302 0.077 -0.327 0.065 -0.296 0.074 -0.310 0.062 1884 -0.469 0.086 -0.383 0.063 -0.433 0.080 -0.361 0.061 1885 -0.434 0.090 -0.433 0.065 -0.412 0.085 -0.408 0.063 1886 -0.462 0.082 -0.431 0.068 -0.440 0.081 -0.405 0.066 1887 -0.495 0.088 -0.371 0.065 -0.460 0.084 -0.353 0.065 1888 -0.293 0.087 -0.376 0.066 -0.282 0.083 -0.358 0.065 1889 -0.170 0.079 -0.351 0.068 -0.169 0.077 -0.333 0.068 1890 -0.460 0.086 -0.332 0.070 -0.437 0.082 -0.318 0.070 1891 -0.338 0.090 -0.348 0.072 -0.316 0.087 -0.336 0.072 1892 -0.399 0.090 -0.388 0.074 -0.388 0.088 -0.374 0.074 1893 -0.376 0.088 -0.357 0.074 -0.371 0.088 -0.346 0.074 1894 -0.369 0.086 -0.331 0.074 -0.358 0.085 -0.322 0.075 1895 -0.304 0.083 -0.290 0.075 -0.297 0.083 -0.285 0.075 1896 -0.209 0.093 -0.296 0.075 -0.195 0.091 -0.290 0.075 1897 -0.192 0.092 -0.268 0.074 -0.205 0.091 -0.266 0.075 1898 -0.404 0.088 -0.233 0.075 -0.397 0.085 -0.235 0.076 1899 -0.233 0.089 -0.232 0.074 -0.235 0.087 -0.239 0.076 1900 -0.127 0.088 -0.266 0.073 -0.142 0.089 -0.270 0.075 1901 -0.205 0.087 -0.278 0.072 -0.219 0.087 -0.284 0.075 1902 -0.363 0.085 -0.335 0.074 -0.356 0.084 -0.340 0.076 1903 -0.462 0.083 -0.378 0.073 -0.466 0.082 -0.380 0.076 1904 -0.520 0.093 -0.387 0.074 -0.516 0.091 -0.387 0.077 1905 -0.338 0.083 -0.399 0.074 -0.342 0.086 -0.399 0.077 1906 -0.253 0.088 -0.396 0.071 -0.256 0.089 -0.396 0.074 1907 -0.424 0.083 -0.394 0.068 -0.414 0.082 -0.392 0.070 1908 -0.446 0.076 -0.420 0.064 -0.453 0.075 -0.416 0.065 1909 -0.509 0.074 -0.466 0.060 -0.495 0.068 -0.462 0.061 1910 -0.468 0.069 -0.464 0.058 -0.460 0.067 -0.459 0.058 1911 -0.481 0.071 -0.451 0.058 -0.491 0.069 -0.442 0.058 1912 -0.414 0.072 -0.389 0.058 -0.396 0.070 -0.381 0.059 1913 -0.384 0.072 -0.323 0.059 -0.371 0.070 -0.317 0.060 1914 -0.197 0.071 -0.303 0.061 -0.189 0.069 -0.292 0.062 1915 -0.142 0.074 -0.326 0.063 -0.137 0.075 -0.314 0.064 1916 -0.379 0.079 -0.322 0.065 -0.368 0.080 -0.309 0.067 1917 -0.531 0.083 -0.342 0.068 -0.506 0.083 -0.334 0.070 1918 -0.361 0.087 -0.361 0.070 -0.344 0.086 -0.356 0.072 1919 -0.297 0.087 -0.322 0.072 -0.315 0.087 -0.322 0.074 1920 -0.239 0.086 -0.271 0.072 -0.247 0.085 -0.275 0.073 1921 -0.185 0.083 -0.246 0.071 -0.195 0.083 -0.255 0.073 1922 -0.272 0.082 -0.236 0.070 -0.274 0.079 -0.243 0.072 1923 -0.237 0.081 -0.228 0.070 -0.243 0.079 -0.235 0.071 1924 -0.246 0.080 -0.205 0.070 -0.257 0.081 -0.210 0.071 1925 -0.203 0.080 -0.188 0.070 -0.205 0.079 -0.192 0.072 1926 -0.067 0.082 -0.175 0.070 -0.070 0.081 -0.181 0.072 1927 -0.186 0.078 -0.198 0.070 -0.187 0.079 -0.198 0.072 1928 -0.174 0.080 -0.183 0.070 -0.186 0.080 -0.185 0.072 1929 -0.359 0.079 -0.183 0.070 -0.345 0.079 -0.187 0.072 1930 -0.128 0.082 -0.167 0.070 -0.138 0.081 -0.174 0.072 1931 -0.067 0.081 -0.193 0.069 -0.079 0.081 -0.197 0.071 1932 -0.108 0.079 -0.152 0.069 -0.123 0.078 -0.161 0.070 1933 -0.303 0.078 -0.170 0.068 -0.300 0.077 -0.175 0.070 1934 -0.154 0.078 -0.186 0.067 -0.165 0.077 -0.187 0.068 1935 -0.216 0.077 -0.162 0.067 -0.206 0.078 -0.166 0.068 1936 -0.147 0.075 -0.098 0.067 -0.141 0.074 -0.111 0.068 1937 0.011 0.077 -0.068 0.066 -0.017 0.075 -0.077 0.068 1938 0.016 0.075 -0.009 0.067 -0.026 0.074 -0.027 0.068 1939 -0.005 0.081 0.026 0.071 0.004 0.081 0.010 0.073 1940 0.078 0.091 0.032 0.091 0.046 0.094 0.020 0.096 1941 0.032 0.189 0.048 0.120 0.040 0.202 0.038 0.128 1942 0.041 0.190 0.089 0.151 0.035 0.204 0.073 0.163 1943 0.095 0.190 0.088 0.184 0.066 0.203 0.078 0.198 1944 0.199 0.191 0.067 0.152 0.178 0.205 0.054 0.164 1945 0.072 0.189 0.057 0.125 0.070 0.202 0.036 0.134 1946 -0.074 0.127 0.018 0.106 -0.077 0.134 0.005 0.113 1947 -0.005 0.123 -0.043 0.097 -0.056 0.129 -0.051 0.102 1948 -0.099 0.118 -0.091 0.098 -0.091 0.123 -0.102 0.104 1949 -0.107 0.097 -0.075 0.087 -0.101 0.101 -0.088 0.091 1950 -0.171 0.081 -0.058 0.076 -0.185 0.084 -0.067 0.079 1951 0.009 0.071 -0.007 0.068 -0.010 0.073 -0.025 0.070 1952 0.080 0.075 0.006 0.064 0.051 0.076 -0.018 0.066 1953 0.154 0.078 0.022 0.063 0.122 0.079 -0.007 0.065 1954 -0.041 0.074 -0.015 0.063 -0.069 0.075 -0.047 0.065 1955 -0.092 0.071 -0.020 0.061 -0.129 0.073 -0.050 0.063 1956 -0.175 0.065 -0.040 0.058 -0.212 0.069 -0.064 0.061 1957 0.053 0.066 -0.023 0.057 0.038 0.066 -0.046 0.059 1958 0.058 0.059 -0.008 0.054 0.052 0.062 -0.028 0.056 1959 0.040 0.061 0.039 0.050 0.021 0.063 0.024 0.052 1960 -0.016 0.058 0.028 0.047 -0.040 0.058 0.011 0.048 1961 0.060 0.048 0.026 0.043 0.047 0.049 0.008 0.044 1962 0.000 0.045 -0.026 0.040 -0.025 0.045 -0.039 0.041 1963 0.044 0.047 -0.044 0.038 0.036 0.048 -0.054 0.039 1964 -0.220 0.043 -0.063 0.037 -0.215 0.044 -0.071 0.038 1965 -0.102 0.043 -0.065 0.037 -0.111 0.045 -0.072 0.037 1966 -0.040 0.044 -0.091 0.034 -0.039 0.046 -0.095 0.035 1967 -0.009 0.039 -0.035 0.031 -0.030 0.040 -0.040 0.031 1968 -0.086 0.036 -0.011 0.028 -0.079 0.037 -0.013 0.028 1969 0.064 0.033 -0.024 0.025 0.058 0.033 -0.029 0.024 1970 0.016 0.030 -0.021 0.023 0.024 0.029 -0.022 0.022 1971 -0.103 0.028 0.025 0.022 -0.116 0.027 0.021 0.020 1972 0.006 0.029 -0.000 0.023 0.001 0.028 -0.009 0.021 1973 0.143 0.029 -0.003 0.023 0.141 0.029 -0.017 0.022 1974 -0.063 0.037 -0.001 0.024 -0.095 0.033 -0.014 0.023 1975 0.003 0.033 0.045 0.025 -0.017 0.033 0.026 0.024 1976 -0.095 0.037 0.038 0.025 -0.102 0.035 0.016 0.024 1977 0.235 0.033 0.087 0.024 0.203 0.033 0.072 0.023 1978 0.109 0.031 0.148 0.024 0.088 0.030 0.131 0.022 1979 0.185 0.027 0.239 0.022 0.188 0.025 0.212 0.021 1980 0.307 0.034 0.220 0.022 0.276 0.029 0.201 0.020 1981 0.358 0.027 0.263 0.022 0.306 0.028 0.245 0.020 1982 0.142 0.034 0.257 0.023 0.146 0.034 0.232 0.021 1983 0.322 0.034 0.226 0.022 0.308 0.034 0.202 0.021 1984 0.155 0.031 0.195 0.022 0.124 0.031 0.175 0.020 1985 0.151 0.029 0.236 0.021 0.127 0.030 0.210 0.019 1986 0.206 0.028 0.249 0.021 0.170 0.027 0.219 0.019 1987 0.345 0.028 0.273 0.021 0.318 0.028 0.242 0.019 1988 0.389 0.032 0.335 0.023 0.353 0.030 0.301 0.020 1989 0.275 0.035 0.384 0.023 0.242 0.031 0.345 0.021 1990 0.462 0.035 0.364 0.024 0.420 0.031 0.326 0.021 1991 0.450 0.029 0.345 0.024 0.393 0.029 0.307 0.021 1992 0.241 0.032 0.360 0.023 0.224 0.030 0.323 0.021 1993 0.298 0.032 0.368 0.022 0.258 0.031 0.325 0.021 1994 0.347 0.032 0.357 0.023 0.320 0.030 0.308 0.021 1995 0.504 0.030 0.415 0.023 0.431 0.029 0.363 0.021 1996 0.394 0.028 0.493 0.023 0.309 0.029 0.433 0.021 1997 0.534 0.030 0.511 0.023 0.495 0.029 0.443 0.021 1998 0.684 0.031 0.499 0.022 0.608 0.030 0.430 0.021 1999 0.441 0.029 0.535 0.023 0.371 0.029 0.473 0.021 2000 0.442 0.029 0.562 0.023 0.368 0.028 0.493 0.021 2001 0.576 0.029 0.556 0.022 0.521 0.029 0.489 0.021 2002 0.669 0.029 0.581 0.022 0.595 0.028 0.521 0.020 2003 0.651 0.027 0.638 0.022 0.590 0.026 0.574 0.021 2004 0.565 0.027 0.659 0.022 0.530 0.026 0.584 0.021 2005 0.731 0.029 0.664 0.022 0.633 0.027 0.582 0.020 2006 0.680 0.028 0.647 0.022 0.571 0.025 0.561 0.020 2007 0.694 0.026 0.674 0.022 0.586 0.025 0.576 0.021 2008 0.566 0.025 0.683 0.022 0.487 0.024 0.582 0.021 2009 0.701 0.025 0.679 0.021 0.605 0.026 0.576 0.021 2010 0.771 0.025 0.677 0.022 0.660 0.024 0.574 0.021 2011 0.662 0.026 0.703 0.022 0.542 0.025 0.601 0.021 2012 0.682 0.028 0.718 0.023 0.575 0.027 0.616 0.022 2013 0.700 0.029 0.747 0.023 0.622 0.029 0.653 0.022 2014 0.773 0.030 0.825 0.023 0.679 0.029 0.727 0.023 2015 0.917 0.026 0.879 0.022 0.846 0.026 0.779 0.022 2016 1.052 0.025 0.916 0.022 0.912 0.025 0.807 0.022 2017 0.956 0.026 0.966 0.022 0.837 0.025 0.850 0.021 2018 0.883 0.027 0.991 0.022 0.762 0.024 0.867 0.021 2019 1.020 0.027 0.959 0.023 0.892 0.026 0.841 0.022 2020 1.045 0.028 0.954 0.023 0.931 0.027 0.835 0.022 2021 0.891 0.029 1.023 0.023 0.782 0.028 0.901 0.022 2022 0.933 0.028 NaN NaN 0.808 0.027 NaN NaN 2023 1.225 0.028 NaN NaN 1.090 0.027 NaN NaN