% This file contains a brief summary of the changes in Earth's global average % surface temperature estimated by combining the Berkeley Earth land-surface % temperature field with a reinterpolated version of the HadSST4 ocean temperature % field. % % The current citation for this dataset is: % % Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature % Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469�3479, % https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020. % % The dataset differs slightly from the dataset as described in the citation as % HadSST3 has been replaced with the newer HadSST4, and associated interpolation % parameters have been refit accordingly. No other changes in methods were needed % when moving to the new version of HadSST. % % Two versions of this average are reported. These differ in how they treat % locations with sea ice. In the first version, temperature anomalies in the % presence of sea ice are extrapolated from land-surface air temperature anomalies. % In the second version, temperature anomalies in the presence of sea ice are % extrapolated from sea-surface water temperature anomalies (usually collected % from open water areas on the periphery of the sea ice). For most of the % ocean, sea-surface temperatures are similar to near-surface air temperatures; % however, air temperatures above sea ice can differ substantially from the water % below the sea ice. The air temperature version of this average shows larger % changes in the recent period, in part this is because water temperature changes % are limited by the freezing point of ocean water. We believe that the use of air % temperatures above sea ice provides a more natural means of describing changes in % Earth's surface temperature. % % The percent coverage of sea ice was taken from the HadISST v2 dataset and varies % by month and location. In the typical month, between 3.5% and 5.5% of the % Earth's surface is covered with sea ice. For more information on the processing % and use of HadISST and HadSST refer to the description file for the combined % gridded data product. % % Temperatures are in Celsius and reported as anomalies % relative to the Jan 1951-Dec 1980 average. Uncertainties represent the 95% confidence % interval for statistical and spatial undersampling effects as well as ocean biases. % % % The land analysis was run on 05-Apr-2024 15:18:58 % The ocean analysis was published on 08-Apr-2024 16:15:50 % % The land component is based on 50719 time series % with 21408187 monthly data points % % The ocean component is based on 470974384 instantaneous % water temperature observations % % Estimated Jan 1951-Dec 1980 global mean temperature (C) % Using air temperature above sea ice: 14.101 +/- 0.028 % Using water temperature below sea ice: 14.697 +/- 0.028 % % % Land + Ocean anomaly using air temperature above sea ice Land + Ocean using water temperature below sea ice % Year, Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc., Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc. 1850 -0.467 0.164 NaN NaN -0.445 0.152 NaN NaN 1851 -0.352 0.185 NaN NaN -0.346 0.168 NaN NaN 1852 -0.325 0.187 -0.358 0.148 -0.307 0.172 -0.344 0.134 1853 -0.325 0.182 -0.328 0.142 -0.310 0.161 -0.314 0.129 1854 -0.323 0.176 -0.344 0.136 -0.312 0.157 -0.329 0.124 1855 -0.317 0.150 -0.393 0.131 -0.296 0.135 -0.375 0.118 1856 -0.430 0.157 -0.400 0.127 -0.418 0.142 -0.382 0.114 1857 -0.570 0.134 -0.386 0.119 -0.538 0.122 -0.368 0.107 1858 -0.363 0.148 -0.405 0.126 -0.349 0.131 -0.388 0.113 1859 -0.251 0.145 -0.415 0.127 -0.243 0.130 -0.396 0.115 1860 -0.409 0.182 -0.416 0.143 -0.394 0.163 -0.394 0.129 1861 -0.481 0.157 -0.411 0.152 -0.455 0.146 -0.388 0.137 1862 -0.577 0.203 -0.434 0.158 -0.530 0.181 -0.409 0.144 1863 -0.335 0.191 -0.406 0.158 -0.316 0.177 -0.382 0.148 1864 -0.368 0.173 -0.356 0.159 -0.352 0.158 -0.334 0.149 1865 -0.270 0.183 -0.278 0.163 -0.260 0.175 -0.265 0.155 1866 -0.231 0.183 -0.257 0.171 -0.215 0.173 -0.244 0.151 1867 -0.186 0.197 -0.232 0.171 -0.184 0.184 -0.221 0.148 1868 -0.232 0.177 -0.239 0.157 -0.210 0.161 -0.228 0.134 1869 -0.239 0.161 -0.260 0.147 -0.238 0.142 -0.249 0.122 1870 -0.305 0.125 -0.283 0.125 -0.293 0.111 -0.271 0.103 1871 -0.337 0.119 -0.291 0.102 -0.318 0.108 -0.280 0.092 1872 -0.305 0.115 -0.307 0.096 -0.293 0.108 -0.298 0.088 1873 -0.271 0.116 -0.318 0.092 -0.255 0.104 -0.306 0.085 1874 -0.319 0.120 -0.324 0.089 -0.330 0.110 -0.312 0.083 1875 -0.360 0.104 -0.260 0.086 -0.334 0.094 -0.250 0.080 1876 -0.365 0.104 -0.186 0.086 -0.346 0.096 -0.185 0.080 1877 0.015 0.099 -0.171 0.084 0.015 0.094 -0.166 0.079 1878 0.098 0.119 -0.164 0.081 0.071 0.109 -0.160 0.077 1879 -0.244 0.103 -0.131 0.081 -0.233 0.093 -0.130 0.077 1880 -0.323 0.105 -0.186 0.083 -0.304 0.099 -0.181 0.077 1881 -0.203 0.097 -0.268 0.079 -0.201 0.089 -0.256 0.075 1882 -0.257 0.103 -0.316 0.077 -0.236 0.095 -0.299 0.073 1883 -0.312 0.094 -0.341 0.074 -0.305 0.089 -0.323 0.070 1884 -0.486 0.086 -0.396 0.076 -0.448 0.079 -0.373 0.070 1885 -0.448 0.086 -0.446 0.071 -0.424 0.078 -0.420 0.065 1886 -0.478 0.092 -0.444 0.071 -0.454 0.083 -0.417 0.065 1887 -0.507 0.084 -0.383 0.069 -0.471 0.078 -0.363 0.064 1888 -0.302 0.092 -0.387 0.070 -0.290 0.085 -0.367 0.066 1889 -0.178 0.084 -0.360 0.071 -0.176 0.079 -0.341 0.068 1890 -0.468 0.091 -0.341 0.073 -0.444 0.088 -0.326 0.071 1891 -0.346 0.088 -0.357 0.073 -0.324 0.087 -0.343 0.071 1892 -0.408 0.091 -0.395 0.075 -0.396 0.087 -0.380 0.074 1893 -0.382 0.088 -0.362 0.076 -0.377 0.084 -0.351 0.076 1894 -0.370 0.087 -0.337 0.079 -0.360 0.087 -0.327 0.079 1895 -0.305 0.088 -0.294 0.083 -0.298 0.088 -0.289 0.082 1896 -0.219 0.104 -0.297 0.084 -0.203 0.102 -0.292 0.083 1897 -0.193 0.106 -0.270 0.083 -0.205 0.099 -0.267 0.082 1898 -0.401 0.097 -0.234 0.084 -0.394 0.090 -0.235 0.083 1899 -0.232 0.083 -0.230 0.080 -0.234 0.083 -0.238 0.080 1900 -0.125 0.093 -0.263 0.079 -0.141 0.091 -0.267 0.079 1901 -0.202 0.091 -0.274 0.078 -0.217 0.089 -0.281 0.079 1902 -0.357 0.095 -0.330 0.079 -0.351 0.091 -0.336 0.080 1903 -0.455 0.089 -0.372 0.079 -0.459 0.087 -0.375 0.080 1904 -0.513 0.088 -0.381 0.081 -0.510 0.089 -0.382 0.082 1905 -0.334 0.092 -0.394 0.081 -0.338 0.091 -0.395 0.082 1906 -0.248 0.095 -0.393 0.079 -0.253 0.094 -0.393 0.081 1907 -0.422 0.093 -0.392 0.078 -0.413 0.092 -0.390 0.078 1908 -0.445 0.080 -0.420 0.074 -0.452 0.079 -0.415 0.074 1909 -0.512 0.080 -0.467 0.071 -0.496 0.077 -0.463 0.069 1910 -0.471 0.083 -0.465 0.068 -0.461 0.075 -0.460 0.067 1911 -0.484 0.079 -0.453 0.067 -0.493 0.074 -0.443 0.066 1912 -0.415 0.083 -0.390 0.066 -0.397 0.080 -0.382 0.066 1913 -0.383 0.070 -0.325 0.065 -0.370 0.069 -0.318 0.066 1914 -0.198 0.076 -0.305 0.065 -0.190 0.076 -0.294 0.066 1915 -0.146 0.079 -0.329 0.064 -0.140 0.078 -0.316 0.067 1916 -0.385 0.078 -0.326 0.067 -0.372 0.079 -0.312 0.069 1917 -0.535 0.085 -0.347 0.069 -0.509 0.085 -0.337 0.072 1918 -0.367 0.085 -0.366 0.071 -0.349 0.085 -0.360 0.073 1919 -0.301 0.087 -0.327 0.072 -0.318 0.089 -0.325 0.074 1920 -0.244 0.086 -0.274 0.071 -0.252 0.085 -0.279 0.073 1921 -0.186 0.083 -0.249 0.070 -0.197 0.084 -0.258 0.073 1922 -0.275 0.080 -0.238 0.069 -0.278 0.080 -0.246 0.072 1923 -0.239 0.078 -0.230 0.069 -0.246 0.079 -0.237 0.071 1924 -0.247 0.079 -0.206 0.069 -0.257 0.080 -0.211 0.071 1925 -0.203 0.081 -0.188 0.069 -0.204 0.081 -0.193 0.072 1926 -0.067 0.080 -0.175 0.070 -0.070 0.080 -0.181 0.072 1927 -0.186 0.079 -0.198 0.070 -0.187 0.080 -0.199 0.072 1928 -0.175 0.080 -0.183 0.070 -0.187 0.081 -0.185 0.073 1929 -0.360 0.080 -0.184 0.070 -0.345 0.081 -0.188 0.073 1930 -0.128 0.081 -0.168 0.070 -0.139 0.082 -0.175 0.072 1931 -0.068 0.081 -0.194 0.070 -0.081 0.081 -0.198 0.072 1932 -0.109 0.078 -0.153 0.069 -0.124 0.078 -0.162 0.071 1933 -0.304 0.080 -0.171 0.069 -0.301 0.079 -0.176 0.070 1934 -0.156 0.078 -0.186 0.068 -0.166 0.077 -0.188 0.069 1935 -0.216 0.078 -0.162 0.067 -0.207 0.077 -0.167 0.068 1936 -0.147 0.075 -0.099 0.067 -0.142 0.073 -0.112 0.068 1937 0.011 0.076 -0.069 0.066 -0.017 0.075 -0.078 0.067 1938 0.015 0.075 -0.011 0.067 -0.028 0.074 -0.028 0.068 1939 -0.007 0.081 0.025 0.071 0.002 0.080 0.008 0.074 1940 0.076 0.092 0.031 0.092 0.044 0.094 0.019 0.097 1941 0.032 0.189 0.047 0.120 0.039 0.203 0.037 0.128 1942 0.041 0.190 0.089 0.152 0.035 0.204 0.073 0.163 1943 0.096 0.190 0.088 0.184 0.066 0.203 0.078 0.198 1944 0.199 0.191 0.067 0.152 0.177 0.205 0.054 0.164 1945 0.073 0.189 0.058 0.125 0.071 0.202 0.036 0.134 1946 -0.074 0.128 0.019 0.106 -0.077 0.135 0.005 0.113 1947 -0.004 0.123 -0.042 0.097 -0.055 0.129 -0.051 0.102 1948 -0.097 0.117 -0.091 0.098 -0.090 0.123 -0.102 0.104 1949 -0.108 0.097 -0.074 0.087 -0.102 0.100 -0.088 0.091 1950 -0.172 0.081 -0.057 0.076 -0.186 0.084 -0.067 0.079 1951 0.009 0.071 -0.007 0.068 -0.009 0.073 -0.025 0.070 1952 0.080 0.075 0.006 0.064 0.050 0.076 -0.019 0.066 1953 0.154 0.078 0.022 0.064 0.122 0.079 -0.007 0.066 1954 -0.042 0.074 -0.015 0.063 -0.070 0.075 -0.048 0.066 1955 -0.093 0.071 -0.021 0.062 -0.130 0.074 -0.051 0.064 1956 -0.176 0.066 -0.040 0.059 -0.212 0.069 -0.065 0.062 1957 0.053 0.067 -0.024 0.057 0.037 0.068 -0.046 0.060 1958 0.057 0.060 -0.008 0.054 0.051 0.062 -0.029 0.056 1959 0.041 0.060 0.038 0.050 0.021 0.062 0.023 0.052 1960 -0.017 0.057 0.027 0.046 -0.041 0.058 0.010 0.047 1961 0.056 0.048 0.025 0.043 0.045 0.048 0.007 0.044 1962 -0.001 0.046 -0.027 0.040 -0.026 0.045 -0.040 0.040 1963 0.044 0.050 -0.044 0.039 0.036 0.049 -0.054 0.039 1964 -0.219 0.043 -0.063 0.038 -0.214 0.044 -0.070 0.038 1965 -0.100 0.044 -0.064 0.037 -0.110 0.044 -0.071 0.037 1966 -0.038 0.044 -0.090 0.034 -0.037 0.045 -0.093 0.034 1967 -0.007 0.039 -0.033 0.031 -0.029 0.039 -0.039 0.031 1968 -0.084 0.036 -0.009 0.029 -0.077 0.037 -0.011 0.027 1969 0.066 0.033 -0.022 0.026 0.060 0.033 -0.027 0.024 1970 0.018 0.031 -0.019 0.024 0.026 0.029 -0.021 0.022 1971 -0.102 0.028 0.027 0.023 -0.115 0.028 0.023 0.021 1972 0.007 0.030 0.001 0.023 0.001 0.028 -0.008 0.021 1973 0.144 0.031 -0.001 0.024 0.141 0.030 -0.017 0.022 1974 -0.061 0.037 0.000 0.025 -0.094 0.034 -0.014 0.023 1975 0.005 0.033 0.046 0.025 -0.016 0.033 0.026 0.023 1976 -0.094 0.038 0.039 0.025 -0.102 0.035 0.016 0.024 1977 0.235 0.032 0.089 0.024 0.203 0.032 0.073 0.022 1978 0.111 0.030 0.150 0.023 0.089 0.030 0.131 0.022 1979 0.187 0.028 0.241 0.021 0.189 0.026 0.213 0.021 1980 0.310 0.029 0.222 0.022 0.277 0.027 0.202 0.020 1981 0.360 0.028 0.266 0.022 0.308 0.028 0.247 0.020 1982 0.145 0.036 0.260 0.023 0.148 0.034 0.234 0.021 1983 0.326 0.035 0.229 0.022 0.311 0.034 0.205 0.020 1984 0.159 0.032 0.199 0.022 0.127 0.031 0.178 0.020 1985 0.156 0.029 0.240 0.021 0.130 0.027 0.213 0.019 1986 0.211 0.028 0.253 0.021 0.174 0.027 0.222 0.019 1987 0.349 0.028 0.277 0.021 0.322 0.028 0.245 0.020 1988 0.392 0.029 0.339 0.021 0.355 0.029 0.304 0.020 1989 0.278 0.031 0.388 0.021 0.245 0.031 0.348 0.021 1990 0.466 0.032 0.368 0.022 0.423 0.031 0.329 0.021 1991 0.455 0.029 0.350 0.022 0.396 0.029 0.311 0.021 1992 0.246 0.031 0.364 0.022 0.227 0.030 0.327 0.021 1993 0.303 0.031 0.373 0.022 0.262 0.031 0.329 0.021 1994 0.352 0.030 0.362 0.023 0.325 0.030 0.312 0.021 1995 0.510 0.030 0.421 0.023 0.435 0.029 0.367 0.021 1996 0.400 0.029 0.499 0.023 0.313 0.028 0.437 0.021 1997 0.540 0.029 0.518 0.023 0.499 0.029 0.447 0.021 1998 0.691 0.031 0.505 0.022 0.614 0.030 0.435 0.021 1999 0.447 0.029 0.542 0.023 0.376 0.029 0.477 0.021 2000 0.449 0.029 0.569 0.022 0.373 0.029 0.497 0.021 2001 0.582 0.029 0.562 0.022 0.525 0.028 0.494 0.020 2002 0.675 0.028 0.587 0.022 0.599 0.027 0.525 0.020 2003 0.658 0.027 0.644 0.022 0.596 0.026 0.578 0.020 2004 0.570 0.028 0.665 0.021 0.534 0.026 0.588 0.020 2005 0.736 0.027 0.670 0.021 0.636 0.027 0.586 0.020 2006 0.685 0.025 0.653 0.021 0.574 0.024 0.565 0.020 2007 0.700 0.026 0.680 0.022 0.590 0.024 0.580 0.020 2008 0.573 0.027 0.689 0.022 0.491 0.024 0.585 0.020 2009 0.708 0.027 0.685 0.022 0.608 0.026 0.579 0.020 2010 0.777 0.026 0.682 0.022 0.663 0.024 0.577 0.021 2011 0.667 0.028 0.709 0.023 0.544 0.025 0.604 0.021 2012 0.687 0.033 0.724 0.024 0.578 0.029 0.619 0.021 2013 0.706 0.028 0.753 0.024 0.628 0.026 0.657 0.021 2014 0.780 0.029 0.832 0.024 0.685 0.027 0.732 0.021 2015 0.925 0.026 0.887 0.023 0.851 0.025 0.785 0.021 2016 1.060 0.026 0.924 0.022 0.918 0.024 0.813 0.020 2017 0.963 0.028 0.973 0.022 0.842 0.025 0.855 0.020 2018 0.890 0.024 0.998 0.022 0.767 0.023 0.872 0.020 2019 1.026 0.028 0.966 0.023 0.897 0.025 0.846 0.020 2020 1.052 0.027 0.961 0.022 0.936 0.025 0.840 0.020 2021 0.897 0.028 1.029 0.023 0.787 0.026 0.905 0.021 2022 0.940 0.027 NaN NaN 0.813 0.026 NaN NaN 2023 1.231 0.029 NaN NaN 1.094 0.028 NaN NaN