% This file contains a brief summary of the changes in Earth's global average % surface temperature estimated by combining the Berkeley Earth land-surface % temperature field with a reinterpolated version of the HadSST4 ocean temperature % field. % % The current citation for this dataset is: % % Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature % Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469�3479, % https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020. % % The dataset differs slightly from the dataset as described in the citation as % HadSST3 has been replaced with the newer HadSST4, and associated interpolation % parameters have been refit accordingly. No other changes in methods were needed % when moving to the new version of HadSST. % % Two versions of this average are reported. These differ in how they treat % locations with sea ice. In the first version, temperature anomalies in the % presence of sea ice are extrapolated from land-surface air temperature anomalies. % In the second version, temperature anomalies in the presence of sea ice are % extrapolated from sea-surface water temperature anomalies (usually collected % from open water areas on the periphery of the sea ice). For most of the % ocean, sea-surface temperatures are similar to near-surface air temperatures; % however, air temperatures above sea ice can differ substantially from the water % below the sea ice. The air temperature version of this average shows larger % changes in the recent period, in part this is because water temperature changes % are limited by the freezing point of ocean water. We believe that the use of air % temperatures above sea ice provides a more natural means of describing changes in % Earth's surface temperature. % % The percent coverage of sea ice was taken from the HadISST v2 dataset and varies % by month and location. In the typical month, between 3.5% and 5.5% of the % Earth's surface is covered with sea ice. For more information on the processing % and use of HadISST and HadSST refer to the description file for the combined % gridded data product. % % Temperatures are in Celsius and reported as anomalies % relative to the Jan 1951-Dec 1980 average. Uncertainties represent the 95% confidence % interval for statistical and spatial undersampling effects as well as ocean biases. % % % The land analysis was run on 04-Jan-2025 19:11:11 % The ocean analysis was published on 06-Jan-2025 11:47:59 % % The land component is based on 50660 time series % with 21552210 monthly data points % % The ocean component is based on 483003641 instantaneous % water temperature observations % % Estimated Jan 1951-Dec 1980 global mean temperature (C) % Using air temperature above sea ice: 14.102 +/- 0.019 % Using water temperature below sea ice: 14.698 +/- 0.019 % % % Land + Ocean anomaly using air temperature above sea ice Land + Ocean using water temperature below sea ice % Year, Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc., Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc. 1850 -0.436 0.170 NaN NaN -0.419 0.156 NaN NaN 1851 -0.321 0.259 NaN NaN -0.319 0.225 NaN NaN 1852 -0.292 0.249 -0.325 0.173 -0.280 0.217 -0.316 0.153 1853 -0.295 0.196 -0.294 0.155 -0.285 0.173 -0.285 0.138 1854 -0.283 0.130 -0.309 0.137 -0.279 0.121 -0.299 0.123 1855 -0.278 0.120 -0.358 0.121 -0.263 0.112 -0.346 0.111 1856 -0.396 0.163 -0.366 0.108 -0.390 0.147 -0.354 0.100 1857 -0.538 0.167 -0.354 0.098 -0.511 0.149 -0.342 0.092 1858 -0.334 0.128 -0.374 0.103 -0.325 0.117 -0.363 0.096 1859 -0.222 0.105 -0.386 0.096 -0.219 0.099 -0.371 0.091 1860 -0.378 0.131 -0.389 0.093 -0.368 0.123 -0.371 0.089 1861 -0.455 0.130 -0.385 0.097 -0.434 0.125 -0.366 0.095 1862 -0.554 0.143 -0.409 0.109 -0.511 0.132 -0.389 0.107 1863 -0.313 0.160 -0.384 0.115 -0.297 0.156 -0.364 0.116 1864 -0.345 0.150 -0.335 0.119 -0.333 0.140 -0.317 0.121 1865 -0.251 0.164 -0.257 0.124 -0.244 0.162 -0.248 0.129 1866 -0.211 0.176 -0.237 0.122 -0.198 0.168 -0.227 0.125 1867 -0.166 0.152 -0.211 0.120 -0.168 0.150 -0.205 0.121 1868 -0.211 0.139 -0.219 0.110 -0.193 0.133 -0.212 0.109 1869 -0.218 0.117 -0.241 0.107 -0.221 0.110 -0.233 0.099 1870 -0.288 0.121 -0.264 0.096 -0.279 0.111 -0.255 0.087 1871 -0.321 0.118 -0.273 0.082 -0.305 0.110 -0.265 0.078 1872 -0.285 0.100 -0.290 0.077 -0.277 0.097 -0.284 0.074 1873 -0.254 0.099 -0.302 0.073 -0.242 0.092 -0.292 0.071 1874 -0.302 0.096 -0.307 0.068 -0.316 0.090 -0.298 0.067 1875 -0.346 0.096 -0.245 0.068 -0.323 0.091 -0.238 0.068 1876 -0.350 0.092 -0.170 0.070 -0.334 0.089 -0.172 0.069 1877 0.028 0.093 -0.156 0.068 0.026 0.089 -0.153 0.068 1878 0.119 0.096 -0.147 0.068 0.088 0.090 -0.145 0.067 1879 -0.233 0.086 -0.114 0.067 -0.224 0.080 -0.116 0.065 1880 -0.299 0.100 -0.169 0.064 -0.284 0.092 -0.167 0.064 1881 -0.183 0.087 -0.254 0.064 -0.184 0.082 -0.244 0.064 1882 -0.251 0.088 -0.302 0.064 -0.231 0.084 -0.287 0.063 1883 -0.304 0.082 -0.330 0.062 -0.299 0.080 -0.314 0.061 1884 -0.472 0.078 -0.386 0.063 -0.436 0.073 -0.365 0.061 1885 -0.440 0.088 -0.436 0.061 -0.417 0.083 -0.412 0.060 1886 -0.464 0.083 -0.434 0.061 -0.443 0.076 -0.409 0.059 1887 -0.501 0.077 -0.374 0.061 -0.465 0.074 -0.356 0.060 1888 -0.294 0.077 -0.379 0.060 -0.284 0.075 -0.360 0.059 1889 -0.173 0.079 -0.355 0.060 -0.172 0.076 -0.336 0.062 1890 -0.462 0.078 -0.336 0.063 -0.439 0.078 -0.322 0.064 1891 -0.345 0.083 -0.353 0.065 -0.323 0.082 -0.341 0.066 1892 -0.406 0.082 -0.394 0.066 -0.395 0.081 -0.379 0.068 1893 -0.381 0.078 -0.364 0.068 -0.376 0.078 -0.353 0.070 1894 -0.375 0.082 -0.340 0.069 -0.364 0.082 -0.330 0.071 1895 -0.314 0.089 -0.301 0.071 -0.306 0.087 -0.295 0.073 1896 -0.225 0.087 -0.307 0.073 -0.208 0.084 -0.300 0.075 1897 -0.210 0.089 -0.281 0.075 -0.220 0.088 -0.276 0.076 1898 -0.412 0.092 -0.245 0.076 -0.404 0.090 -0.245 0.077 1899 -0.242 0.090 -0.242 0.076 -0.244 0.088 -0.249 0.078 1900 -0.135 0.093 -0.274 0.076 -0.150 0.093 -0.277 0.078 1901 -0.211 0.084 -0.286 0.076 -0.227 0.085 -0.292 0.078 1902 -0.372 0.086 -0.343 0.076 -0.363 0.086 -0.347 0.078 1903 -0.471 0.092 -0.385 0.076 -0.474 0.089 -0.386 0.079 1904 -0.527 0.090 -0.395 0.078 -0.522 0.089 -0.394 0.081 1905 -0.344 0.089 -0.407 0.079 -0.347 0.093 -0.405 0.081 1906 -0.261 0.090 -0.403 0.076 -0.264 0.091 -0.402 0.078 1907 -0.432 0.087 -0.400 0.073 -0.421 0.085 -0.398 0.074 1908 -0.451 0.080 -0.426 0.069 -0.458 0.078 -0.421 0.069 1909 -0.514 0.078 -0.471 0.064 -0.500 0.073 -0.467 0.064 1910 -0.473 0.073 -0.466 0.062 -0.464 0.070 -0.462 0.061 1911 -0.483 0.070 -0.452 0.060 -0.493 0.068 -0.444 0.060 1912 -0.408 0.072 -0.388 0.059 -0.394 0.070 -0.382 0.060 1913 -0.380 0.069 -0.322 0.059 -0.369 0.068 -0.316 0.061 1914 -0.195 0.071 -0.300 0.061 -0.188 0.070 -0.291 0.064 1915 -0.141 0.078 -0.324 0.065 -0.137 0.078 -0.313 0.067 1916 -0.377 0.081 -0.320 0.068 -0.366 0.083 -0.308 0.069 1917 -0.525 0.091 -0.339 0.071 -0.503 0.088 -0.333 0.073 1918 -0.360 0.086 -0.359 0.073 -0.345 0.087 -0.356 0.074 1919 -0.295 0.087 -0.321 0.073 -0.316 0.088 -0.322 0.075 1920 -0.241 0.085 -0.270 0.071 -0.250 0.085 -0.276 0.073 1921 -0.185 0.085 -0.246 0.070 -0.196 0.085 -0.256 0.073 1922 -0.271 0.080 -0.236 0.070 -0.275 0.079 -0.245 0.073 1923 -0.236 0.080 -0.228 0.070 -0.244 0.082 -0.236 0.073 1924 -0.247 0.082 -0.205 0.069 -0.259 0.084 -0.211 0.073 1925 -0.202 0.081 -0.187 0.069 -0.205 0.082 -0.193 0.073 1926 -0.068 0.079 -0.175 0.069 -0.071 0.081 -0.182 0.073 1927 -0.184 0.079 -0.198 0.069 -0.187 0.080 -0.199 0.073 1928 -0.175 0.080 -0.183 0.070 -0.188 0.082 -0.187 0.073 1929 -0.359 0.079 -0.183 0.071 -0.347 0.080 -0.189 0.074 1930 -0.129 0.084 -0.168 0.071 -0.140 0.085 -0.176 0.073 1931 -0.068 0.083 -0.193 0.071 -0.081 0.083 -0.199 0.072 1932 -0.108 0.080 -0.153 0.071 -0.124 0.078 -0.162 0.072 1933 -0.303 0.078 -0.170 0.070 -0.302 0.078 -0.176 0.071 1934 -0.154 0.079 -0.186 0.068 -0.165 0.078 -0.188 0.069 1935 -0.215 0.078 -0.162 0.068 -0.206 0.078 -0.167 0.069 1936 -0.147 0.074 -0.098 0.068 -0.142 0.074 -0.112 0.069 1937 0.010 0.081 -0.068 0.067 -0.018 0.078 -0.078 0.069 1938 0.017 0.076 -0.009 0.068 -0.026 0.076 -0.027 0.069 1939 -0.004 0.081 0.027 0.072 0.004 0.081 0.009 0.074 1940 0.077 0.092 0.034 0.092 0.045 0.094 0.020 0.097 1941 0.034 0.189 0.050 0.120 0.040 0.202 0.039 0.128 1942 0.044 0.191 0.091 0.152 0.037 0.204 0.074 0.163 1943 0.099 0.190 0.090 0.184 0.067 0.203 0.079 0.198 1944 0.202 0.191 0.069 0.153 0.179 0.205 0.056 0.164 1945 0.074 0.189 0.060 0.125 0.070 0.203 0.037 0.134 1946 -0.072 0.128 0.021 0.106 -0.076 0.135 0.006 0.113 1947 -0.003 0.123 -0.041 0.097 -0.055 0.129 -0.050 0.103 1948 -0.097 0.118 -0.090 0.099 -0.090 0.123 -0.101 0.104 1949 -0.106 0.097 -0.073 0.087 -0.101 0.101 -0.088 0.091 1950 -0.170 0.082 -0.056 0.076 -0.184 0.084 -0.067 0.079 1951 0.009 0.071 -0.006 0.068 -0.009 0.073 -0.024 0.070 1952 0.082 0.075 0.007 0.064 0.051 0.076 -0.018 0.066 1953 0.156 0.079 0.022 0.064 0.123 0.079 -0.007 0.065 1954 -0.041 0.074 -0.015 0.063 -0.069 0.075 -0.048 0.065 1955 -0.093 0.071 -0.021 0.062 -0.130 0.073 -0.051 0.064 1956 -0.179 0.066 -0.041 0.059 -0.214 0.068 -0.065 0.061 1957 0.051 0.064 -0.025 0.057 0.036 0.065 -0.048 0.059 1958 0.055 0.062 -0.011 0.055 0.050 0.062 -0.030 0.056 1959 0.039 0.061 0.036 0.051 0.020 0.063 0.021 0.052 1960 -0.019 0.055 0.026 0.047 -0.043 0.056 0.009 0.048 1961 0.055 0.047 0.023 0.044 0.043 0.048 0.006 0.045 1962 -0.001 0.045 -0.029 0.041 -0.026 0.044 -0.041 0.041 1963 0.043 0.051 -0.045 0.039 0.035 0.049 -0.055 0.039 1964 -0.220 0.044 -0.064 0.038 -0.215 0.044 -0.071 0.038 1965 -0.102 0.044 -0.066 0.037 -0.111 0.045 -0.072 0.037 1966 -0.039 0.045 -0.091 0.034 -0.038 0.044 -0.095 0.034 1967 -0.009 0.039 -0.035 0.031 -0.030 0.039 -0.040 0.031 1968 -0.085 0.037 -0.011 0.028 -0.078 0.037 -0.013 0.027 1969 0.062 0.034 -0.024 0.026 0.057 0.033 -0.028 0.024 1970 0.015 0.029 -0.021 0.024 0.024 0.028 -0.022 0.022 1971 -0.102 0.028 0.025 0.022 -0.115 0.027 0.022 0.020 1972 0.007 0.029 -0.000 0.022 0.001 0.028 -0.009 0.020 1973 0.142 0.030 -0.002 0.023 0.140 0.029 -0.017 0.021 1974 -0.063 0.035 -0.000 0.025 -0.095 0.032 -0.014 0.023 1975 0.004 0.033 0.046 0.025 -0.017 0.033 0.026 0.024 1976 -0.092 0.037 0.040 0.025 -0.101 0.035 0.016 0.024 1977 0.238 0.032 0.090 0.025 0.205 0.032 0.073 0.023 1978 0.113 0.031 0.151 0.023 0.090 0.029 0.132 0.021 1979 0.187 0.031 0.241 0.022 0.189 0.025 0.214 0.020 1980 0.309 0.026 0.222 0.021 0.277 0.027 0.202 0.020 1981 0.359 0.027 0.264 0.021 0.308 0.027 0.245 0.020 1982 0.143 0.033 0.258 0.022 0.146 0.033 0.233 0.021 1983 0.323 0.035 0.227 0.022 0.308 0.034 0.203 0.021 1984 0.157 0.031 0.197 0.022 0.125 0.031 0.176 0.021 1985 0.153 0.029 0.238 0.022 0.128 0.028 0.211 0.020 1986 0.209 0.029 0.252 0.022 0.173 0.027 0.220 0.020 1987 0.349 0.030 0.276 0.021 0.321 0.028 0.244 0.019 1988 0.391 0.029 0.338 0.021 0.354 0.028 0.303 0.020 1989 0.277 0.031 0.387 0.021 0.244 0.031 0.347 0.020 1990 0.464 0.030 0.366 0.022 0.422 0.030 0.328 0.021 1991 0.453 0.029 0.348 0.023 0.395 0.029 0.310 0.021 1992 0.245 0.031 0.363 0.022 0.226 0.031 0.326 0.021 1993 0.302 0.031 0.372 0.022 0.262 0.031 0.328 0.021 1994 0.351 0.030 0.361 0.023 0.324 0.030 0.311 0.021 1995 0.509 0.030 0.419 0.023 0.434 0.029 0.365 0.021 1996 0.397 0.028 0.496 0.023 0.310 0.028 0.435 0.021 1997 0.537 0.030 0.515 0.023 0.497 0.029 0.445 0.021 1998 0.687 0.030 0.502 0.023 0.610 0.030 0.432 0.021 1999 0.445 0.030 0.539 0.023 0.374 0.029 0.475 0.021 2000 0.445 0.029 0.566 0.022 0.369 0.028 0.495 0.021 2001 0.579 0.029 0.559 0.022 0.523 0.028 0.491 0.020 2002 0.673 0.029 0.584 0.022 0.597 0.028 0.523 0.020 2003 0.655 0.027 0.641 0.022 0.592 0.027 0.575 0.021 2004 0.568 0.027 0.662 0.022 0.532 0.027 0.585 0.020 2005 0.732 0.027 0.667 0.022 0.633 0.026 0.583 0.020 2006 0.682 0.026 0.650 0.022 0.571 0.024 0.563 0.020 2007 0.697 0.027 0.677 0.024 0.588 0.025 0.578 0.021 2008 0.569 0.032 0.686 0.026 0.489 0.028 0.584 0.022 2009 0.706 0.035 0.683 0.028 0.607 0.031 0.578 0.023 2010 0.777 0.031 0.682 0.028 0.663 0.027 0.576 0.024 2011 0.668 0.030 0.709 0.027 0.544 0.027 0.604 0.023 2012 0.688 0.030 0.723 0.026 0.578 0.026 0.619 0.023 2013 0.705 0.028 0.753 0.025 0.626 0.028 0.656 0.022 2014 0.779 0.030 0.831 0.024 0.683 0.028 0.731 0.022 2015 0.923 0.027 0.885 0.024 0.849 0.026 0.783 0.021 2016 1.059 0.027 0.922 0.024 0.917 0.024 0.811 0.021 2017 0.962 0.026 0.971 0.024 0.841 0.024 0.852 0.021 2018 0.888 0.028 0.996 0.024 0.762 0.025 0.869 0.021 2019 1.024 0.031 0.964 0.025 0.892 0.027 0.842 0.022 2020 1.049 0.032 0.958 0.026 0.931 0.027 0.835 0.022 2021 0.895 0.030 1.027 0.027 0.782 0.028 0.901 0.023 2022 0.936 0.031 1.084 0.027 0.807 0.028 0.958 0.022 2023 1.229 0.031 NaN NaN 1.092 0.028 NaN NaN 2024 1.311 0.032 NaN NaN 1.180 0.027 NaN NaN